Existing data suggest that maternal iron deficiency anemia may be associated with adverse outcomes, including preterm delivery and higher maternal mortality. Aplastic anemia, a condition that can be inherited or acquired. When associated with iron deficiency it is believed to be a symptoms of deficiency rather than its cause2,10. Physiologic anemia of pregnancy reflects an expansion of plasma volume of 50% relative to the increase in the red blood cell rbc mass of 25%. It is estimated that 20% of pregnant women have hemoglobin levels. The two most common causes of anemia in pregnancy and the puerperium are iron deficiency and acute blood loss. Premenopausal women have a high incidence of marginal iron stores or iron deficiency id, with or without anemia, particularly in the less developed world.
Prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency among palestinian pregnant women and its association with pregnancy outcome mahmouda. Anemia, the most common hematologic abnormality, is a reduction in the concentration of erythrocytes or hemoglobin in blood. Know the risk factors, symptoms and what you can do to avoid it. Prevention of anemia and treatment of mild forms prevent moderate and severe cases. There is a substantial amount of evidence showing that maternal iron deficiency anemia early in pregnancy can result in low birth weight subsequent to preterm delivery. Objective was to determine the prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in childbearing age, adolescent girls, menopause age, toddlers and finally adult male. The risk of irondeficiency anemia is highest for women who. Hence, iron supplementation is part of multiple micronutrients supplementation in pregnant women 14.
Chronic iron deficiency anemia lowers work tolerance, productivity, and the quality of life. Management of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy in india. The etiology of iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia prepared according to refs. A normal pregnancy consumes 500800 mg of iron from the mother. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia are prevalent among pregnant women. Anemia is generally defined according to hemoglobin levels, which may. Apart from pregnancy, deficiencies of folic acid and b 12 are rare except in malabsorption and in certain diseases of the bowel such tropical sprue. Pregnancy and childbirth consume a great deal of iron and thus can result in pregnancyrelated anemia. The impact of maternal iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia. Reasons for anemia in pregnancy are mainly nutritional deficiencies, parasitic and bacterial diseases, and inborn red blood cell disorders such as thalassemias. Pregnant women with anemia are, in general, exclusively treated with iron supplementation. We included pregnant women who had iron deficiency anemia between 26.
The most common causes of anemia are poor nutrition, iron deficiencies, micronutrients deficiencies including folic acid, vitamin. One of the changes that happens in pregnancy is that the amount of blood in your body almost doubles. This was a followup study conducted from october 20 to june 2015. Iron deficiency is the most common cause of anemia in pregnancy. Irondeficiency anemia is a more severe condition in which low levels of iron are associated with anemia and the presence of microcytic hypochromic red cells. Mounting evidence indicates that maternal iron deficiency in pregnancy reduces fetal iron stores, perhaps well into the first year of life.
Iron deficiency anemia has been linked to lowbirth weight and preterm delivery in several studies. Although iron deficiency in pregnancy is, in principle, identifiable, treatable, and possibly preventable, there is uncertainty about its significance as a clinical and public health problem, and whether systematic screening and treatment for iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy would improve maternal and infant outcomes. Iron deficiency anemia in the united states, a lack of iron stores before and during pregnancy leading to iron deficiency is the most common culprit of anemia. The prevalence of anemia in pregnancy varies considerably because of the differences in social conditions, lifestyles and health seeking behaviors across. Iron deficiency is usually due to blood loss but may occasionally be due to poor absorption of iron. Many women go through the entire pregnancy without attaining the minimum required intake of iron.
The extent to which iron deficiency affects maternal and neonatal health is uncertain. Iron deficiency anemia ida continues to be the commonest etiology of anemia in pregnancy. We have chosen three articles concerning the preventiontreatment of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy postpartum including papers from australia, nigeria, and denmark. The most common cause of anemia in pregnancy is lack of iron. Parts of the gastrointestinal system important for the digestion and absorption of iron from. We presented this case because our primary health care provider missed this case, rather thought it is a case of some psychiatric disorder during pregnancy. Mayo clinic, iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy. Prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency among palestinian. Management of iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy in india ncbi. Maternal iron deficiency anemia and duration of gestation. The objective of these guidelines is to provide healthcare professionals with recommendations for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of iron deficiency in pregnancy and in the postpartum period. Anemia in pregnancy msd manual professional edition. Iron bioavailability in daily meals of pregnant women. Iron deficiency is the most widespread nutritional deficiency in the world and it accounts for 75% of all types of anemia in pregnancy 5,6.
The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia in different regions of the world ranges from 12 to 43%. The increased iron requirement in pregnancy and the puerperium carry with it an increased susceptibility to iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia and perioperative or peripartal blood transfusion. Blood is a vital liquid that lows through your veins and arteries. Iron deficiency during pregnancy is one of the leading causes of anemia in infants and young children. Parts of the gastrointestinal system important for the digestion and absorption of iron from foods and supplements. Iron deficiency is the most widespread nutritional defi ciency in the world and it accounts for 75% of all types of anemia in pregnancy 5,6. In more than 80% of countries in the world, the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy is 20%. Iron deficiency anemia is extremely common, particularly in the developing world, reaching a state of global epidemic. Iron deficiency anemia and you normal changes to blood volume in pregnancy pregnancy causes many changes in the body.
Iron deficiency blood american society of hematology. Iron deficiency anemia of pregnancy is common, especially in south asia, and is associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes including increased incidences of maternal mortality, preterm labor and low birth weight. Fulltext pdf dynamics of iron metabolism in pregnancy. Those most at risk are women from low socioeconomic groups and teenagers.
National institutes of health, national library of medicine, assessment of iron status in us pregnant women from the national health and nutrition examination survey nhanes, 19992006, june 2011. By this special issue, our intention was to broaden the perspective on anemia in pregnancy and propose ways to solve the problems. Us national library of medicine, national institutes of health, iron deficiency in pregnancy, march 2010. Chapter 3 iron deficiency anaemia world health organization. Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy gian carlo di renzo. The prevalence of anemia in pregnancy varies considerably because of the differences in social conditions. Pdf on jun 30, 2016, galalahmed elkholey and others published iron deficiency. The main cause of anemia in obstetrics is iron deficiency, which has a worldwide prevalence between estimated 20%80% and consists of a primarily female population. Uk guidelines on the management of iron deficiency in. An intestinal disorder, such as celiac disease, which affects your intestines ability to absorb nutrients from digested food, can lead to iron deficiency anemia. The guidelines update and replace the previous ones pavord et al. Pdf iron deficiency anemia and pregnancy researchgate.
Screening for anemia alone is not sufficient to diagnose iron deficiency. Rigorous studies are needed to fully understand the short. In some populations, 80% of pregnant women are anemic. Iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women may lead to low birth weight. The impact of maternal iron deficiency and iron deficiency. Typical features of iron deficiency anemia are caused by lowered oxygen delivery to the tissues, and include pallor, fatigue, apathy, fainting, and breathlessness. This study aimed to determine the prevalence, risk factors, and adverse perinatal outcomes of anaemia among pregnant women in moshi municipal, northern tanzania. The prevalence of iron deficiency id in pregnant indian women is amongst the highest in the world. Although pregnancy is associated with a physiologic anemia largely related to maternal volume expansion. Iron deficiency anaemia in pregnancy and postpartum. Although the practice is controversial, iron supplements usually ferrous sulfate 325 mg po onceday are usually given routinely to pregnant women to prevent depletion of body iron stores and prevent the anemia that may result from abnormal bleeding or a subsequent pregnancy.
Iron deficiency refers to the reduction of iron stores that precedes overt irondeficiency anemia or persists without progression. You need more iron during pregnancy to support your unborn babys development. Iron requirements increase during pregnancy, and a failure to maintain sufficient levels of iron may result in adverse maternalfetal consequences. Anemia can make you feel tired, cold, dizzy, and irritable. Anemia and iron deficiency in pregnancy pubmed central pmc. In more than 80% of countries in the world, the prevalence of anemia in pregnancy is 20% 4. Deficiency of iron, folic acid, vitamin b12 and proteins causes anemia. The effect of iron deficiency anemia early in the third trimester on. Blood is made up of red blood cells, white blood cells and fluid called plasma.
We hope that the information included in this manual will contribute to our common. Irondeficiency anemia affects one in six pregnant women. The defined values consistent with anemia in pregnancy are hemoglobin levels less than 11 g per dl. Studies on the iron deficiency anemia of pregnancy american. Iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy can make you feel weak and tired. If youre pregnant, youre at an increased risk of iron deficiency anemia, a condition in which you dont have enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your bodys tissues.
Lack of proper weight gain during pregnancy is an important predictor of iron deficiency. This deserves further exploration because of the tendency of infants to develop iron deficiency anemia and because of the documented adverse consequences of this condition on infant development. Less absorption and deficient iron store from adolescent to postpartum stage. Several adverse effects can be associated with iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy depending on severity and gestational age. Anaemia in pregnancy is a public health problem in developing countries. Your doctor will diagnose anemia with a physical exam and blood tests. It happens when you do not have enough iron in your body. Anemia healthy changes national heart, lung, and blood. Totalbody absolute iron deficiency is caused by physiologically increased iron requirements in children, adolescents, young and pregnant women, by reduced iron intake, or by pathological defective absorption or chronic blood loss. Absolute iron deficiency arises when total body iron stores are low or exhausted. Irondeficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia.
Iron deficiency in neonates is associated with a statistically significant increment in. Iron deficiency remains a significant problem for pregnant women in the uk. Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia was found to be the predominant in the population which was 42. Vitamin b6 deficiency and anemia in pregnancy european. Additionally, there was a signicant association between. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common form of anemia in the world. This collection features the best content from afp, as identified by the afp editors, on anemia and related issues, including blood transfusions, iron deficiency and iron supplementation.